美疾控中心报告：未完全接种冠病疫苗者染疫后死亡可能性高出11倍
文 / 陈慧璋
9/10/2021
（早报讯）在美国总统拜登宣布抗击冠病疫情新规，要求全国三分之二员工必须接种冠病疫苗后，联邦卫生官员公布了几项研究报告，显示未接种冠病疫苗者染疫后死亡的可能性比已接种者高出11倍。
《纽约时报》报道，美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）周五（10日）公布三项研究，以说明冠病疫苗在预防冠病感染包括高度传染性的德尔塔变种病毒、住院和死亡的有效性。
三项研究根据美国不同地区的数据对冠病疫苗提供的保护力进行了评估。
一项研究调查了4月到7月间美国13个州（约占美国四分之一人口）的60万起确诊病例，得出的结论是，未完全接种冠病疫苗的人更容易受到冠病感染和死亡。
该研究发现，未完全接种疫苗者感染冠病的可能性是接种疫苗者的4.5倍，住院的可能性是其10倍，死于冠病的可能性是其11倍。
研究也发现，即使德尔塔变种病毒是主要感染病毒，冠病疫苗对预防住院和死亡的有效性依然很高。不过疫苗对预防感染的有效性会从91%下降到78%。
最近几周的一系列报告都得出类似的结论。
美国疾控中心主任瓦伦斯基在周五的记者会上说：“正如我们所提供的数据，一系列研究都显示接种冠病疫苗能发挥有效作用。”
瓦伦斯基说：“我要重申的是，至今，超过90%的住院病例都是没有接种冠病疫苗的人。”
周五公布的另外两项研究发现，冠病疫苗对年长者的保护力减弱。
在美国五家退伍军人医疗中心进行的一项研究发现，冠病疫苗对预防住院的有效性会随着年龄的增长而下降，18至64岁者获得的保护效力为95%，66岁及以上者为80%。第二项研究发现冠病疫苗对预防住院有效性对75岁及以上者有所下降。
这些研究或有助于确定哪些群体需要注射加强剂或额外剂量的冠病疫苗。
美国食品与药物管理局（FDA）8月份授权让免疫力低弱者包括器官移植者注射第三剂辉瑞-BioNTech冠病疫苗或莫得纳冠病疫苗。
美国官方表示，目前没有足够的数据表明冠病疫苗对健康成年人的有效性是否会随着时间推移而下降，因此现阶段不推荐为健康成年人接种加强剂。
拜登强制规定全国三分二员工接种冠病疫苗
文 / 陈慧璋
9/09/2021
（早报讯）美国总统拜登出台新抗疫方案，应对高度传染性的德尔塔变种冠病病毒，强制规定全国三分之二员工接种冠病疫苗。目前仍有约8000万符合接种冠病疫苗资格的美国人没有接种疫苗。
路透社报道，拜登周四（9日）在白宫宣布，强制接种冠病疫苗的规定涵盖绝大部分联邦员工、私营企业员工、医疗保健工作者和联邦承包商。拒绝接种者可面临纪律处分。
拜登说：“我们正处在一个艰难时期，这可能会持续一段时间。”但他强调，“我们可以而且一定会扭转冠病疫情形势。”
美国劳工部职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）正在制定新规，雇有超过100名员工的企业都必须确保全体员工接种冠病疫苗，或要求仍未接种的员工每周提供一次冠病检测阴性证明。
白宫说，这项措施将涵盖全国超过8000万名私营企业员工。
美国联邦医疗保险和联邦医疗补助服务中心（CMS）将要求参加联邦医疗保险（Medicare）或联邦医疗补助（Medicaid）计划的医院、透析中心、门诊手术设施以及家庭保健机构的员工必须接种冠病疫苗。
这些医疗机构雇用超过1700万名医护人员。
另外，拜登将动用《国防生产法》拨款20亿美元（约27亿新元）采购近2.8亿份快速自助检测仪，以供快速检测站和联邦医疗补助计划下的受益人在家自行检测。卫生与公共服务部也将把免费冠病检测计划扩大至1万家药店。
除此，美国政府将规定参与启蒙计划、国防部家属学校和印第安人教育相关学校的教职人员必须接种冠病疫苗，并呼吁所有州政府规定州内所有学校员工必须接种冠病疫苗。
不过，拜登的新防疫计划预计将面临司法挑战，而且会立即遭到共和党的攻击，在短期内恐怕难以发挥作用。
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Biden announces COVID-19 vaccine mandates that will affect 100 million Americans
BY KATHRYN WATSON, NANCY CORDES, ED O’KEEFE, WEIJIA JIANG AND FIN GÓMEZ
9/09/2021
Washington — President Biden announced the most sweeping COVID-19 vaccine requirements yet on Thursday, which will affect roughly 100 million Americans. The new measures include a vaccine mandate for all federal workers and contractors, and a requirement that large companies must mandate vaccines or regular testing for employees.
“My job as president is to protect all Americans,” Mr. Biden said Thursday. “So tonight, I’m announcing that the Department of Labor is developing an emergency rule to require all employers with 100 or more employees that together employ over 80 million workers to ensure their workforces are fully vaccinated or show a negative test at least once a week.”
Mr. Biden noted that many large companies already require vaccinations. “The bottom line — we’re going to protect vaccinated workers from unvaccinated coworkers,” he said.
The Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration is developing a rule requiring all employers with at least 100 employees to make sure their workforce is fully vaccinated or require unvaccinated workers to get a negative test at least once a week. OSHA will issue an Emergency Temporary Standard to introduce the vaccine requirement. Companies that fail to comply could face fines of $14,000 per violation, Mr. Biden said.
That was just one of the mandates and changes the president announced in a speech on boosting vaccinations and battling the COVID-19 pandemic. The president also announced vaccination requirements for health care providers that accept Medicare and Medicaid, for all federal employees and contractors and for the staffs of Head Start programs, Department of Defense Schools and Bureau of Indian Education-operated schools. Mr. Biden had announced in July the federal workforce would need to provide evidence that they had been vaccinated or submit to regular testing and practice social distancing measures in the workplace.
The new mandates are part of a six-pronged White House strategy to battle the COVID-19 Delta variant and boost vaccinations as cases, hospitalizations and deaths continue to climb. The six pillars are: vaccinating the unvaccinated; furthering protection for the unvaccinated; keeping schools safely open; increasing testing and requiring masking; protecting economic recovery; and improving care for those with COVID-19.
The president started out his speech by saying he knows many are frustrated with the 25% of adults in the U.S. who have yet to get a single COVID-19 shot. That 25% “can do a lot of damage,” he said. He made an appeal directly to unvaccinated Americans.
“What more is there to wait for? What more do you need to see?” he said. “We’ve made vaccinations free, safe and convenient. The vaccine has FDA approval. Over 200 million Americans have gotten at least one shot. We’ve been patient. But our patience is wearing thin. And your refusal has cost all of us. So please, do the right thing.”
White House press secretary Jen Psaki said earlier Thursday there will be limited disability and religious exceptions to the federal employee vaccine requirement. Those who are not exempt and do not comply will be subject to disciplinary action, including possible termination, she said.
“There are limited exceptions, but yeah, the expectation is that if you want to work in the federal government or be a contractor, you need to be vaccinated, unless you are eligible for one of the exemptions,” Psaki told reporters.
The American Federation of Government Employees, the largest federal employee union, is taking issue with the mandatory vaccine requirement, even though it has encouraged workers to get vaccinated. AFGE president Everett Kelley said that “changes like this should be negotiated with our bargaining units where appropriate,” and he said the union expects to bargain over this rule before it’s implemented.
Still, Psaki said the president “has every intention of signing this executive order, getting the clock running on the timeline for these requirements, and his view and our view is this will serve as a model to the rest of the country on the need to get more people vaccinated in order to save more lives.”
The president also announced measures to ensure kids are adequately protected in classrooms, as he aims to make more testing available. He’s also urging states to require vaccinations for all school teachers and staffs.
Mr. Biden also said he’s using the Defense Production Act to ramp up the production of rapid COVID-19 tests, and at-home rapid tests will be available at major pharmacies over the next several months at cost.
CBS News has learned the president will raise the issue of COVID vaccination effort on a global scale with other world leaders when they meet at the United Nations General Assembly later this month. A senior administration official told CBS News that while they are “still planning the president’s schedule around UN General Assembly High Level week, it is safe to assume we are actively looking at COVID-19 and public-health centered options.”
The official stopped short of calling it a summit, but added that the administration anticipates “that there will be an opportunity for the president to engage with his counterparts on this issue during UNGA week.” One topic expected to be discussed among Mr. Biden and his counterparts, according to a second administration official will be about advancing and improving international cooperation on research and development on the COVID-19 front.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 75.2% of American adults have at least one COVID-19 vaccine shot. But community transmission across most of the country remains high, as the Delta variant makes up nearly all of the country’s cases. Nearly 650,000 people have died in the U.S. from COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic last year.
Here are the major measures announced Thursday:
How many people are affected?
The new vaccine mandates the president announced Thursday will affect roughly 100 million Americans, although many of that group are already vaccinated. The White House estimates there are roughly 80 million people working at companies with at least 100 employees. The White House also estimates the mandate will affect more than 17 million health care workers, as well as federal employees, and teachers and staff at specific Head Start programs and Department of Defense schools.
“This is a pandemic of the unvaccinated, and it’s caused by the fact that despite America having unprecedented and a successful vaccination program, despite the fact that for almost five months, free vaccines have been available in 80,000 different locations, we still have nearly 80 million Americans who have failed to get the shot,” the president said, making his case for the need for more aggressive action.
Companies with 100 or more employees will have to require shots or testing
The Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration, better known as OSHA, is developing an emergency rule requiring employers with at least 100 employees to require all employees to be vaccinated or get tested at least once a week. Failure to comply with the yet-to-be-released rule could result in a $14,000 fine.
The announcement marks the most authoritative step involving private businesses the administration has taken yet to curb the pandemic, and it’s one that’s sure to be challenged in court.
“The bottom line — we’re going to protect vaccinated workers from unvaccinated coworkers,.” he said.
Federal employees must be vaccinated
Mr. Biden issued an executive order on Thursday requiring all federal employees be vaccinated, with no option to undergo tests. “If you want to work for the federal government, get vaccinated,” Mr. Biden said. “If you want to do business with the federal government, get vaccinated.”
Mr. Biden also issued an executive order on Thursday requiring all contractors who do business with the government be vaccinated.
The executive orders both refer to the national emergency declared on January 31, 2020 and the National Emergency Concerning the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) declared pursuant to the National Emergencies Act in Proclamation 9994 of March 13, 2020, both of which remain in effect.
“The health and safety of the Federal workforce, and the health and safety of members of the public with whom they interact, are foundational to the efficiency of the civil service,” both executive orders say. “I have determined that ensuring the health and safety of the Federal workforce and the efficiency of the civil service requires immediate action to protect the Federal workforce and individuals interacting with the Federal workforce. It is essential that Federal employees take all available steps to protect themselves and avoid spreading COVID-19 to their co-workers and members of the public. The CDC has found that the best way to do so is to be vaccinated.”
Workers at health care facilities accepting federal funds will need to be vaccinated
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services will require vaccinations for workers in most health care settings that receive Medicare or Medicaid reimbursement. That covers hospitals, home health agencies and many other types of health care facilities, and roughly 17 million workers.
“If you’re seeking care at a health facility, you should be able to know that the people treating you are vaccinated,” he said.
Air travelers refusing to wear masks could face up to $3,000 fines
Air travelers who refuse to wear masks could be fined up to $3,000, starting Friday.
The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) announced Thursday it will double fines for those who flout federal mask mandates for air travel.
First-time offenders will be fined $500 to $1,000, while repeat offenders will be forced to shell out $1,000 to $3,000.
Biden acknowledges “confusion” on booster shots
Several weeks after the Biden administration announced a plan to roll out booster shots, Mr. Biden acknowledged Thursday there is “confusion” around whether or when Americans should get them. Mr. Biden said that while the administration stands ready, the decision of which shots to give, to whom, and when “will be left completely to the scientists.”
