三名经济学家分享2021年诺贝尔经济学奖
文 / 潘万莉
10/11/2021
（早报讯）瑞典皇家科学院周一（10月11日）在斯德哥尔摩宣布，将2021年诺贝尔经济学奖授予三名经济学家卡德（David Card）、安格里斯特（Joshua Angrist）和因本斯（Guido Imbens），以表彰他们在劳动经济学与实证方法研究领域作出的突出贡献。
三位获奖者研究的关键，是把全球贫困问题分解为更小、更精确的问题。例如，为了找到提高儿童健康水平的方法，可以针对教育方法、医疗卫生系统、获得信贷的途径等方面设计实验，证实干预效用。
Three economists win Nobel for their research on how real life events impact society
By SCOTT HORSLEY
10/11/2021
Jacquelyn Martin/AP
Three U.S.-based economists will share this year’s Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for their innovative work with “natural experiments” – events or policy changes in real life that allow researchers to analyze their impact on society.
David Card of the University of California at Berkeley will receive half the prize, worth 10 million Swedish kronor, or about $1.1 million, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said on Monday. Joshua Angrist of the Masschusetts Institute of Technology and Guido Imbens of Stanford University will share the other half.
Controlled experiments are common in science and medicine: they allow, for example, to test new drugs by carefully selecting participants and controlling vital aspects to ensure objectivity.
But they are harder in social sciences where it can often be impractical or unethical to conduct randomized trials – unless a real-life event or policy change happens that allow researchers to conduct what are called “natural experiments.”
“Natural experiments are everywhere,” said Eva Mork, a member of the prize committee. “Thanks to the contributions of the laureates, we researchers are today able to answer key questions for economic and social policy. And thereby the laureates work has greatly benefited society at large.”
Claudio Bresciani/TT News Agency/AFP via Getty Images
The impact of the minimum wage
Card was recognized in part for his groundbreaking work in the early 1990s with the late Princeton economist Alan Krueger, which challenged conventional wisdom about minimum wages.
Economists had long assumed that there was a tradeoff between higher wages and jobs. If the minimum wage went up, it was thought, some workers would get higher pay but others would be laid off.
But when Card and Krueger looked at the actual effect of higher wages on fast food workers, they found no significant drop in employment.
They reached this conclusion by comparing fast food restaurants in New Jersey, which raised its minimum wage, with restaurants in neighboring Pennsylvania, which did not.
Brandon Bell/Getty Images
Studying cause-and-effect in real life
Meanwhile, Angrist and Imbens were recognized for methodological research that helps tease out cause and effect from these accidental case studies.
During the pandemic, natural experiments have allowed researchers to study the effects of mask mandates, social distancing policies, and supplemental unemployment benefits.
Imbens said he was “stunned” to get the congratulatory wake-up call at about 2 a.m. in California.
“I was absolutely thrilled to hear the news,” Imbens told reporters. “In particular hearing that I got to share this with Josh Angrist and David Card, who are both very good friends of mine.”
He noted that Angrist was best man at his wedding.
Imbens said he had no idea how he would spend his share of the prize money.
美国股市动荡，适于做空，如何操作？
(免费讲座 – Oct 11, Mon, 9PM EST)
请扫描海报上二维码：
或直接点击 Zoom 报名链接：
https://zoom.us/webinar/register/6316336221018/WN_yvmcDteARpGx4yjf2g3mww
Tel: 551-580-4856 | Email: F.WINNIE.S@GMAIL.COM
诚招美国和加拿大法律服务代理
因公司发展需要，诚招美国和加拿大法律服务代理。
要求：
懂英语、或西班牙语、或法语。
能合法工作有社安号或工号。
无需改行， 可以兼职。
大学生和有销售经验优先考虑。
自雇生意公司发美国报税1099，加拿大T4A
有意了解详情， 请扫码加微信， 非诚勿扰！
美德两学者夺诺贝尔化学奖
文 / 潘万莉
10/06/2021
（早报讯）瑞典皇家科学院周三（10月6日）宣布，将2021年诺贝尔化学奖授予德国化学家本亚明·利斯特和美国科学家大卫·麦克米兰，以表彰他们在发展不对称有机催化中的贡献。
53岁的利斯特曾在柏林自由大学攻读化学，并于1997年在法兰克福大学取得博士学位。他测试一种名为“脯胺酸”（proline）的氨基酸，检验是否能够催化化学反应，果然有效发挥作用。此发现有助于不对称有机催化的发展。
53岁的麦克米兰则是美国普林斯顿大学的化学教授，2010年至2015年还曾担任化学系系主任。麦克米兰曾经研究能够容易被水分破坏的金属催化剂，成功使用简单的有机分子，研发出一种更耐用的催化剂。
麦克米兰在格拉斯哥大学获得化学学士学位。1990年，他离开英国，在加州大学尔湾分校奥弗曼教授的指导下进行博士研究。
本届诺贝尔颁奖典礼以实体、线上混合的方式进行，获奖者将获得奖牌、证书以及1000万瑞典克朗（约154万新元）奖金。
Nobel Prize in chemistry awarded for ‘simple’ yet ‘ingenious’ discovery
By Rob Picheta and Katie Hunt, CNN
10/06/2021
The Nobel Prize in chemistry has been awarded to Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan, two scientists honored for creating “an ingenious tool for building molecules” that has helped develop new drugs and make chemistry greener.
The pair were announced as the prize winners in Stockholm, Sweden, on Wednesday, for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis. Their discoveries “initiated a totally new way of thinking for how to put together chemical molecules,” said Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede, a member of the chemistry Nobel committee.”
This new toolbox is used widely today, for example in drug discovery, and in fine chemicals production and is already benefiting humankind greatly,” Wittung-Stafshede added.
List, a German scientist who is professor at and director of the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research, and Scotland-born chemist MacMillan, now a US-based professor at Princeton University, worked independently of each other but share the prize, the third Nobel award to be handed out this week.
In 2000, the two researchers uncovered a third kind of catalyst — a substance which brings about a chemical reaction — called asymmetric organocatalysis. Scientists had previously believed that there were just two types of catalysts: metals and enzymes. Enzymes contain hundreds of amino acids or proteins, but the winners were able to demonstrate that a single organic molecule can act as a catalyst.
“This concept for catalysis is as simple as it is ingenious, and the fact is that many people have wondered why we didn’t think of it earlier,” said Johan Åqvist, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.
The new catalysts have been used in a number of ways in the past two decades, including for creating new pharmaceuticals and building molecules that capture light in solar cells. The committee credited them with “bringing the greatest benefit to humankind.”
The work of List and MacMillan has helped develop a drug to treat high blood pressure and streamline the production of drugs like paroxetine (Seroxat), which treats depression, and oseltamivir — better known as Tamiflu — which is used to treat respiratory infections.”
I hope I live up to this recognition and continue discovering amazing things,” List told reporters after being announced as a winner.
List said he was having a coffee with his wife when he got the call from the Nobel Committee. “Sweden appears on my phone, and I look at her, she looks at me and I run out of the coffee shop to the street and, you know, that was amazing. It was very special. I will never forget,” he said.
‘Fantastically important’
The organocatalysis process developed by the winners is called “asymmetric” because they were able to pinpoint which molecule to use as a catalyst. During chemical construction, a situation often arises where two molecules can form, which — just like our hands — are each other’s mirror image, the Nobel Committee explained. Chemists often just want one of these mirror images, particularly when producing pharmaceuticals, but it has been difficult to find efficient methods for doing this.”
This is a fantastically important piece of chemistry and these two are undoubtedly leaders in that field,” Phillip Broadwith, business editor of Chemistry World magazine, told CNN after the announcement was made.”
This is very fundamental chemistry,” Broadwith added. “In its essence, it’s about making molecules and it’s about making them more efficiently, using less energy and without metal catalysts, which are problematic if they end up in pharmaceuticals.”
H.N. Cheng, the president of the American Chemical Society, said the award was a “fitting recognition” for “a major accomplishment.”
“As chemists we love to do reactions and reactions are a key part of our work, and the reactions frequently are unfortunately not as desired — they can be slow, they can be nonspecific they may not go the way we wanted,” he told CNN. “Catalysis is one way whereby we can actually help the reaction and make reactions go better or generate new reactions that could not be done before.”
Cheng likened it to making food. “If you’re cooking a dish, you’re actually doing a chemical reaction. So say it takes 10 minutes to produce a steak. If I can do it in 10 seconds, that’d be much better. Customers would like it, the chef would like it. And that’s exactly what catalysis is doing now. The cooking is much better, much faster, much cheaper.”
On Monday, David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian won the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch. And on Tuesday, they were joined by three winners of the prize for physics — Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi.
All male lineup
Wednesday’s award adds two further Nobel laureates. But for the second time in three years, no women were recognized in the scientific awards.”
We don’t have any direct discussions with other committees about who wins the prize, but we do have discussions about how to support and increase women and it’s also important to support geographic diversity,” said Claes Gustafsson, a professor in medical biochemistry at the University of Gothenburg and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science.”
We are inviting more women to be nominators and so on. It’s a long and strategic work,” he told CNN. “We were very happy to have two women (win the chemistry prize) last year and for sure we will have many women in the years to come. It’s a very high priority for us.”
In 2019, the Nobel Committee asked nominators to consider diversity in gender, geography and field, but that year only men were among the winners for the science Nobels. In 2020, three women in science were given Nobel recognition.
Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna jointly won the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry, while Andrea Ghez was one of three winners of the physics prize.
The prizes for literature and peace will be announced later this week, before the economics award concludes the annual festivities on Monday.
诚招美国和加拿大法律服务代理
因公司发展需要，诚招美国和加拿大法律服务代理。
要求：
懂英语、或西班牙语、或法语。
能合法工作有社安号或工号。
无需改行， 可以兼职。
大学生和有销售经验优先考虑。
自雇生意公司发美国报税1099，加拿大T4A
有意了解详情， 请扫码加微信， 非诚勿扰！
